ऐतिहासिक विश्वकोश

bulgaria mein turki tikee

Osmaniyat sasan ke itihaasik jhalak aur iska bulgaria par prabhav

Parichay

Bulgaria mein turki tikee, jo paanch sadiyon se adhik samay tak chala, 14vi sadi ke antim mein Osmaniya samrajya ke dvara desh ki vijay se shuru hua. Yeh kaal bulgar janta ki itihaas mein ek sabse kathin aur vivadit samay bana. Osmaniyat sasan ne bulgaria mein jeevan ke samajik, aarthik aur sanskritik pehluon ko badal diya, ek gehra chhaap chhodkar, jo aaj bhi aadhunik bulgar pehchaan par prabhav daal raha hai.

Osmaniyat sasan ki shuruaat

Bulgaria ka pehla samna Osmaniya samrajya se 1389 mein Kosovo ke kshetra mein hua, jo ki gambhir hani aur rajneetik asthirta ko janm diya. Iske turant baad, Osmaniyon ne bulgar bhumi ko kabje karne shuru kar diya, sthalai janta ke virodh ko kamzor karne ke liye 'bato mein baantte aur shashan karte' ki takneek ka istemal kiya.

1396 tak, Bulgaria poorn roop se Osmaniya samrajya ke niyantran mein aa gaya, jo turki sasan ka ek lambe samay tak samarthan ban gaya. Is samay bulgar bhumi ko prashasanik ekaiyon mein baanta gaya, jise sandjakan kaha jata tha, aur isse ek vistrit samrajya mein joda gaya. Osmanik prashasan sthalai janta ka samaan karne ke liye apni kanoon aur riwajon ko lagu karne ki koshish karte rahe.

Samajik aur aarthik badlaav

Osmaniya sasan ke antargat Bulgaria ne mahatvapurn samajik aur aarthik badlaav dekhe. Osmaniyon ka mukhya uddeshya kar ke adhar par adhik se adhik kar prapt karna tha, jo aksar sthalai janta ke liye aarthik shoshan ki karan banta tha. Sthalai kisano par bhaari kar aur kartavyon ka bojh padta tha, jo gehera asantosh janm deta tha.

Phir bhi, dabav ke bawajood, osmaniyon ne kuch sakaratmak badlaav bhi laaye. Unke sasan ke dauran dhacha vikas hua: sadke, pul aur bazaar banaye gaye, jo vyapar aur aarthik vikas mein sahayak rahe. Bulgaria ke kuch kshetron mein naye krishi takneeken aayi, jisse faslon ki utpaadakta mein sudhar hua.

Ye bhi dhyan dene layak hai ki osmaniyon ne millet pranali ka prastav rakha, jo vibhinn dharmik aur jaatiya samoohon ko unke aantarik maamle samhalne ki anumati deti thi. Ye bulgar, serb aur anya jantao ko kuch aatmvishwas pradaan karte hue unke sanskritik pehchaan ko banaye rakhne mein madad karta tha.

Sanskritik aur dharmik pehlu

Turki tikee ne Bulgaria mein sanskritik aur dharmik jeevan par bhi mahatvapurn prabhav daala. Christian dharm, jo bulgaron ke beech mukhya dharm bana raha, osmaniyon ke kathin niyantran under tha. Shasan ne orthodox dharm ko dabane ki koshish ki, lekin iske bawajood, girja ghar bulgar janta ke jeevan mein ek mahatvapurn bhumika banaye rahi.

Aksar monasteries aur girja gharo ne bulgar sanskriti aur shiksha ke kendra bana, jahan prachin grantho ko sanrakshit aur nakal kiya gaya. Bulgar padri aur shikshako ne gyan ke prasar aur bhasha aur sanskriti ke sanrakshan mein yogdan diya, jo bhavishya ke rajnaitik andolano ki buniyad bana.

Kalakriti aur vastukala ke kshetra mein, osmanik prabhav bhi spasht tha. Shandar masjid, hammam aur madaris ka nirmaan hua, jo sirf bulgaria ki vastukala ko samriddh nahi karte the, balki poorvi aur paschimi sabhyataon ke beech sanskritik adan-pradan ko badhava dete the.

Virodh aur rashtriy andolan

Samay beetne ke saath, osmaniyat sasan ke prati asantosh badhta gaya, jo vibhinn rashtriya swatantrata andolano ke uday ka kaaran bana. Pehla mahatvapurn baaghi andolan Sliven mein 1835 mein hua, jiske baad Bulgaria ko osman ke jor se mukt karne ki anya koshishein hui.

1876 mein prasiddh April baaghi andolan hua, jo ki dabha diya gaya, lekin isne antarraashtreey samudaay ka dhyan bulgar janta ke dukhdai halat ki or akarshit kiya. Ye andolan swatantrata ki ladaai ka pratik bana aur aage ke swatantrata andolano ko prerna di.

Badhti hui dabav aur russia ka prabhav dekhte hue, osmaniyon ko sudhaaron ko lagu karne aur bulgar bhumiyon ko kuch aatmvishwas pradhan karne par majboor hona pada. Ye sudhaar, yadyapi seemit the, bulgar sanskriti aur shiksha ke aage ke vikas ke liye awashyak paristhiti pradan ki.

Muktikaran aur iske parinaam

1877-1878 ke beech, Russia ne bulgar janta ka samarthan karte hue Osmaniya samrajya ke saath yudh kiya, jo bulgaria ko osmaniyat sasan se mukt karne ka kaaran bana. 1878 ka San-Stefan shanti samjhauta bulgaria ki swatantrata ko sthapit karta hai, lekin yeh bhugolik haniya aur Russian samrajya ke antargat seemit aatmvishwas ki taraf bhi le jaata hai.

Bulgaria ka muktikaran iska itihaas mein ek mahatvapurn pal tha, phir bhi turki sasan ke parinaam ko mehsoos kiya gaya. Aarthik, sanskritik aur samajik dhacha mahatvapurn roop se badal gaya, aur bulgar janta osmanik niyantran ke virasat ke saath sangharsh karte rahe.

In kathinaion ke bawajood, muktikaran ne bulgaria ke vikas mein naye charan ki shuruaat ki. Desh ne samayik prabandhan aur shiksha ki vidhiyaan apnana shuru ki, jo 19vi sadi ke ant aur 20vi sadi ki shuruaat mein sanskritik aur aarthik vikas ki disha mein le gaya.

Antim vichar

Bulgaria mein turki tikee desh ke itihaas ke sabse kathin samayon mein se ek tha, jo bulgar janta ki sanskriti aur samajik jeevan par ek gehra prabhav chhod diya. Yadyapi yeh samay dukdhai aurutet ki kahaniyon se bhara hua tha, yeh bulgar pehchaan aur sanskriti ke gathin mein yogdan bhi diya.

Osman sasan ka virasat aaj bhi mehsoos kiya jaata hai, aur is kal ko adhyan karte hue, hum samajh sakte hain ki kis tarah itihaas, sanskriti aur samajik prakriya ek dusre ke saath aapas mein samvaad karti hain. Osmaniya sasan ke dauran mehsoos kiye gaye virodh aur swatantrata ki ladaai ne ek swatantra aur svasth bulgar rajya ke gathan ki buniyad banayi.

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