Historical Encyclopedia
Sweden has a rich and ancient history, the roots of which go back to the Stone Age. The first people arrived in the territory of modern Swedish lands about 12,000 years ago, when the glacier retreated. Primitive societies engaged in hunting, fishing, and gathering.
In the 8th to 11th centuries, Sweden became part of the Viking Age, when the Swedes, known for their maritime expeditions, actively explored and colonized new territories. Vikings from Sweden went east, particularly to Novgorod and Kiev, where they established trade relations and participated in the formation of early Slavic states.
From the 13th century, Sweden began to unite as a state. In 1397, the Kalmar Union was established, uniting Sweden, Denmark, and Norway under a single monarchy. However, in the early 16th century, Sweden exited the union, marking the beginning of a new stage in its history.
In the 16th century, the Reformation began, leading to significant changes in the religious life of the country. Sweden became Protestant, and the Catholic Church lost its influence. This time was also marked by the strengthening of central power and the struggle against feudal privileges.
In the 17th century, Sweden reached the peak of its power, becoming one of the leading European powers. Military campaigns and successful wars with Denmark, Russia, and Poland led to territorial expansion and increased influence. However, after the Great Northern War (1700-1721), the country lost a significant portion of its possessions.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, Sweden experienced economic and social changes. Since the early 19th century, Swedish politics has become more peaceful and oriented towards neutrality. Sweden did not participate in either of the World Wars and maintained its independence.
After World War II, Sweden transformed into a modern democratic state with a high standard of living and a developed economy. The country actively participates in international organizations and promotes the ideas of peace and sustainable development.
Sweden is a country with a rich historical heritage that has undergone numerous trials and changes. Today it is known for its policy of social justice, high quality of life, and innovations.