Historical Encyclopedia
The history of Peru begins with ancient civilizations such as Nazca, Moche, and, of course, the Incas. The first archaeological findings in the territory of modern Peru date back to around 10,000 BC when people began to develop agriculture.
The Incas, one of the most well-known civilizations, emerged in the 13th century and created an extensive empire covering a significant part of western South America. Their achievements in architecture, agriculture, and administrative management made them one of the most influential cultures of that era.
In 1532, when the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro arrived in Peru, he encountered the powerful Inca Empire. The Spaniards quickly conquered this land, taking advantage of internal conflicts among the Incas. With the fall of Cusco in 1533, the Spanish colonization of Peru began.
Over the next century, the Spaniards established control over the region's economy and politics, leading to significant changes in Peru's culture and society. The locals were forced to work for Spanish landowners, and many died from diseases brought by Europeans.
In the early 19th century, independence movements began in Latin America. In 1821, General José de la Riva-Agüero proclaimed Peru's independence from Spain. However, actual independence was achieved only in 1824 after the decisive Battle of Ayacucho.
After the war of independence, Peru faced political instability and internal conflicts. Issues of governance and power struggles between various political factions characterized this period.
In the 20th century, Peru experienced a series of coups and political crises. In 1968, General Juan Velasco Alvarado came to power through a military coup that led to the nationalization of large enterprises and reforms in the agricultural sector.
In the 1980s, Peru faced serious problems related to terrorism and economic difficulties. Groups like "Sendero Luminoso" committed acts of violence, leading to large-scale repression.
At the beginning of the 21st century, Peru witnessed economic growth and stability. Political reforms and investments in infrastructure helped improve the lives of many Peruvians. Nevertheless, the country continues to face challenges related to inequality and social issues.
Today, Peru is renowned for its cultural diversity, natural riches, and historical landmarks such as Machu Picchu, which attract tourists from around the world.
The history of Peru is a vivid example of the clash and interaction of various cultures. From ancient times to the present, the country has undergone many changes while preserving its uniqueness and diversity.