Historical Encyclopedia
The independence of Iraq, declared on October 3, 1932, was a significant event in the country's history, symbolizing the end of the British mandate and the beginning of a new stage in Iraq's political, economic, and social development. This period was characterized by the struggle for national identity, the formation of an independent state structure, and repercussions that continued to influence the country for decades.
By the beginning of the 20th century, Iraq was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. However, after World War I, when the empire collapsed, Iraq became a mandate territory of Great Britain. British rule caused discontent among the local population and led to the intensification of the national movement.
In 1920, the League of Nations granted Britain a mandate to govern Iraq. Although the British administration promised reforms and to prepare the country for independence, in reality, control remained strict. Local political movements began to demand greater autonomy, leading to uprisings and protests.
From the early 1920s, the national movement in Iraq began to gain strength. Local political parties, such as the “National Association” and the “Iraqi People's Party,” actively advocated for independence. In 1921, a monarchical regime was established with King Faisal I on the throne, which gave hope for further changes.
Immediately before the declaration of independence, several significant events occurred:
After lengthy negotiations, on October 3, 1932, Iraq was officially declared an independent state. That year, the “Iraqi Constitution” was signed, marking an important step towards the formation of a new political system. Independence was met with enthusiasm, but the process of establishing an independent state was far from simple.
Independence did not mean the end of problems for Iraq. Political instability, ethnic conflicts, and economic difficulties became important factors that the new country faced.
After the proclamation of independence, Iraq began to develop as a sovereign state. The country actively participated in international affairs and sought to strengthen its position in the Middle East.
In the 1930s, there were attempts at political reform in Iraq. A new constitution was created, which provided for the rights of citizens and the separation of powers. However, these reforms were not always implemented in practice, and political struggle continued.
The Iraqi economy became oriented towards oil resources, which led to the attraction of foreign investment and the development of infrastructure. The country began to export oil, which became the main source of income.
The independence of Iraq also had a significant impact on the cultural life of the country. The early 1930s marked the flourishing of Iraqi literature, music, and art.
During this time, works began to emerge that reflected national identity and the desire for freedom. Iraqi writers, such as Tahsin al-Khateeb and Salem Mahmoud, began to publish their works actively, contributing to the development of Iraqi literature.
Changes also occurred in music as local performers began to create works that reflected Iraqi culture and traditions. Instruments and musical styles characteristic of the region became popular among the local population.
The independence of Iraq in 1932 was an important stage in the country's history, symbolizing the desire for freedom and self-government. Although this period was marked by numerous challenges and difficulties, it laid the foundation for the further development of Iraq as a sovereign state. The country continues to face the consequences of independence and a history that shaped its identity and place in the world.