Historical Encyclopedia
Portugal, one of the oldest nations in Europe, has a rich and unique history reflected in its state symbols. The coat of arms, flag, and other symbols of Portugal have evolved over the centuries, accompanying the country through its historical and political changes. These symbols are an integral part of the national identity and pride of the Portuguese people. In this article, we will examine the history of the state symbols of Portugal, their significance, and evolution.
The history of the state symbols of Portugal begins with its establishment as an independent state in the 12th century. After the Reconquista, when Portugal was liberated from Muslim rule, King Afonso I Henriques (Afonso the Conqueror) became the first monarch of Portugal. During his reign, the first coat of arms of the country appeared, consisting of five shields forming a cross. These shields symbolized the five Moorish kings defeated by Afonso in the Battle of Ourique in 1139.
Each of the five shields featured small silver circles — besants, symbolizing coins. They are believed to represent the wealth and military trophies obtained from enemies. Subsequently, this symbol transformed, and the number of besants began to represent the wounds received by Jesus Christ during the crucifixion, giving the coat of arms a religious significance.
In the 13th century, during the reign of King Afonso III, the coat of arms of Portugal underwent significant changes. The king added seven gold castles along the edges of the shield, symbolizing the expansion of territories and the strengthening of the kingdom's borders. Since then, the castles have become an important element of the coat of arms, embodying the strength and power of the Portuguese monarchy.
This coat of arms symbolized the strengthening of the state and its independence. The castles were also associated with the protection and impregnable nature of Portuguese fortresses, reflecting the defensive strategy of the state during the medieval period.
In the 14th century, Portugal experienced political changes and wars for the throne, leading to modifications in its state symbolism. Following the dynastic crisis and the rise of the Avis dynasty to the throne, a royal crown was added to the coat of arms, symbolizing the sovereignty and independence of the kingdom.
During the reign of Manuel I (late 15th - early 16th century), when Portugal became a global maritime power, the state symbolism was renewed once again. The coat of arms was surrounded by intricate ornaments and decorative elements, such as supporters in the form of sea creatures, emphasizing the maritime might of the country. These elements symbolized Portugal as a center of maritime trade and discoveries, through which the country achieved significant success during the Age of Great Discoveries.
The history of the national flag of Portugal is also closely linked to its political history. Early flags had a white background featuring the royal coat of arms. However, after the revolution of 1910, when Portugal became a republic, a new flag was adopted, which has remained to this day.
The modern flag of Portugal was officially adopted on December 1, 1910. It consists of two vertical stripes: green and red. The green color symbolizes hope, while red represents the blood shed in the struggle for independence. In the center of the flag lies the coat of arms of the country, surrounded by an armillary sphere — a navigational instrument used by Portuguese navigators during the Age of Discoveries.
The armillary sphere on the flag embodies the maritime achievements and role of Portugal as a great maritime power. It is a symbol of the pursuit of knowledge, exploration, and the discovery of new lands, which played a critical role in the development of Portugal as a world empire.
One of the important symbols of Portugal is its national anthem, “A Portuguesa”. The anthem was written in 1890 during a political crisis related to the British ultimatum that limited Portugal's expansion in Africa. The words were written by Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, while the music was composed by Alfredo Keil.
“A Portuguesa” was chosen as the national anthem after the revolution of 1910, when the monarchy was overthrown and the republic was proclaimed. The anthem reflects the patriotic spirit and the Portuguese people's desire for freedom and independence. The words call for the struggle for liberty and celebrate the deeds of the nation.
Modern Portugal cherishes its state symbols, which reflect its rich historical past and cultural heritage. The flag, coat of arms, and anthem remain vital elements of national identity and pride. These symbols are used at official events, government institutions, and during national holidays.
Furthermore, Portuguese symbolism is reflected in art, architecture, and everyday life. Images of the armillary sphere and elements of the coat of arms can be seen on coins, monuments, and buildings throughout the country. This underscores the importance of history and culture for modern Portuguese people.
One of the most important national holidays is Portugal Day, celebrated on June 10. This day is dedicated to the memory of Luís de Camões, the great 16th-century Portuguese poet whose works celebrate the exploits of Portuguese navigators and heroes. On this day, solemn events, parades, and concerts take place across the country, with the flag and coat of arms of Portugal playing a central role in the festive ceremonies.
The history of the state symbols of Portugal reflects its centuries-old history and rich cultural heritage. The coat of arms, flag, and anthem of the country have undergone a long evolution, preserving the memory of great victories, national crises, and achievements. These symbols continue to inspire the Portuguese, uniting them around shared values and traditions. Understanding the significance of state symbolism helps to better comprehend the history and culture of Portugal, as well as its contribution to world civilization.