Historical Encyclopedia
The ancient history of Portugal spans the period from prehistoric times to the Roman conquest in the 1st century BC. This territory, located at the edge of Europe, has witnessed numerous cultural and civilizational changes, making it a unique place for studying early societies. The first settlements that emerged on the territory of modern Portugal played a significant role in shaping the cultural heritage of the country.
In Portugal, archaeologists have discovered traces of human activity dating back to the Paleolithic era. These ancient people left behind tools and rock paintings, indicating that they engaged in hunting and gathering. With the transition to the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods, significant changes occurred in the region. People began to lead a settled lifestyle, practicing agriculture and animal husbandry, which laid the foundation for the development of the first communities.
The Neolithic culture of Portugal left many monuments, among which megalithic structures, such as menhirs and dolmens, stand out. These monuments served both cult and funerary purposes, indicating complex rituals related to burial and ancestor worship. The most well-known megalithic monument is the Almendres Cromlech complex, which dates back to approximately 5000 BC.
In the 1st millennium BC, Celtic tribes began to penetrate the territory of Portugal, bringing with them new technologies and cultural practices. The Celts settled in various regions, forming tribes such as the Lusitanians, who became important players in the subsequent development of the country. They were known for their skills in agriculture, as well as in warfare.
Additionally, Portugal attracted the attention of Phoenician traders, who established trading colonies along the coast. The Phoenicians brought new goods such as glass and textiles, and facilitated the development of trade in the region. They established contacts with local tribes, promoting cultural exchange and further trade development.
In the 1st century BC, the Roman Empire began its conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, including the territory of modern Portugal. The Romans faced stubborn resistance from local tribes, especially the Lusitanians, who led by chief Viriathus waged a long and difficult war against the Romans. Nevertheless, by 19 BC, Roman legions had finally subdued the region.
Roman rule had a significant impact on the development of Portugal. During this time, roads, aqueducts, theaters, and other infrastructure were built, contributing to economic and cultural prosperity. The city of Évora (Emerita Augusta) became one of the most important administrative centers, while Seville and Lisbon also developed as important trading ports.
The Romans brought with them not only architectural achievements but also the Latin language, which became the basis for the Portuguese language. Roman law also had a profound effect on the legal system and cultural norms in the region. However, despite Roman power, local traditions and customs persisted, contributing to the formation of a unique cultural identity.
By the 3rd century AD, the Roman Empire began to weaken, and Portugal became a victim of invasions by barbarian tribes such as the Visigoths and Suebi. The Visigoths, taking advantage of Rome's weakness, established control over most of the Iberian Peninsula, including the territory of modern Portugal. This time was marked by changes in political and social structures, as local tribes began to integrate into the new Visigothic framework.
The Visigoths brought with them new cultural influences, including Christianity, which gradually became the dominant religion in the region. By the 5th century, Christianity began to spread among the local population, contributing to changes in the religious landscape of Portugal. Monasteries and churches became centers of education and culture, preserving much knowledge of antiquity.
The ancient times in Portugal encompass many cultural and historical changes that laid the foundations for the formation of the modern Portuguese state. From prehistoric communities to Roman conquest and Visigothic influence, this period was a time of significant transformations. These historical events had a long-lasting impact on the culture, language, and identity of the Portuguese people, making Ancient Portugal an important part of European history.