Historical Encyclopedia
The modern history of Portugal spans from the late 19th century to the present day. This period includes significant events such as the fall of the monarchy, the establishment of the republic, participation in world wars, dictatorship, and then a return to democracy and integration into the European Union. These events profoundly influenced the political, economic, and social life of the country.
In the early 20th century, Portugal faced political instability and economic difficulties. The monarchy, which had ruled the country since the 12th century, was criticized for corruption and inefficiency. On October 5, 1910, the Republican Revolution took place, resulting in the overthrow of the monarchy and the proclamation of the first Portuguese republic. This transition was not easy and was accompanied by political conflicts and violence.
The first republic was unstable, and in a short period, Portugal experienced numerous changes in government. The period from 1910 to 1926 was marked by crises, economic difficulties, and governance failures, leading to public discontent. By the time of the coup in 1926, the country was on the brink of anarchy.
After the coup in 1926, a military dictatorship was established in Portugal, which in 1932 brought António de Oliveira Salazar to power. He became the Prime Minister and initiated a regime known as Estado Novo, which lasted until 1974. It was an authoritarian system based on nationalism, conservatism, and anti-communism.
Salazar enforced strict censorship, suppressed political opposition, and controlled the economy. However, his regime achieved some economic growth in the 1950s and 60s, mainly due to colonial policies and agrarian reforms. During this time, Portugal maintained its colonies in Africa, such as Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea-Bissau, which led to internal conflicts and international criticism.
In the 1960s and 1970s, Portugal's colonial policies led to protracted wars for independence in its African colonies. These conflicts, known as the Colonial Wars, caused significant discontent within the country. Military expenditures on the colonial wars drained the economy and sparked public protests.
In 1974, the Carnation Revolution took place in Portugal, leading to the overthrow of Salazar's regime. This peaceful revolution, named after the carnations used by protesters as a symbol, opened the way for democratic reforms and the end of colonial rule in Africa. By the end of 1975, all Portuguese colonies in Africa gained independence.
After the revolution, Portugal underwent a complex process of democratization. In 1976, a new constitution was adopted, establishing democratic institutions and guaranteeing human rights. However, the political situation remained unstable in the first few years, with frequent elections and governmental crises.
In 1986, Portugal joined the European Union, which was an important step in its political and economic recovery. Membership in the EU provided the country with access to economic funds, aiding the development of infrastructure, industry, and agriculture. Portugal also began implementing a series of economic reforms aimed at improving competitiveness and attracting foreign investment.
However, in the early 2000s, Portugal faced economic difficulties, including high levels of public debt and deficits. In 2010, the global financial crisis exacerbated these problems, and in 2011, Portugal sought assistance from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund.
Portugal implemented austerity measures, leading to mass protests and public discontent. Nevertheless, due to structural reforms and improvements in economic conditions, by 2014, Portugal returned to economic growth. The country’s economy began to recover, and the unemployment rate began to decrease.
Modern Portugal is known for its high standard of living, stable democracy, and active participation in international affairs. The country has achieved significant progress in education, healthcare, and social protection. Portugal has become a popular tourist destination, attracting millions of visitors each year.
However, the country also faces challenges such as demographic issues, low birth rates, and youth migration in search of better opportunities abroad. These factors put pressure on social and economic structures. Furthermore, Portugal continues to work on addressing climate change and sustainable development issues, including the transition to renewable energy sources.
The modern history of Portugal is a story of overcoming difficulties and recovery. Portugal, having gone through many trials, has managed to build a democratic society and become an important player on the international stage. The country's future will depend on its ability to adapt to new challenges while preserving its unique cultural and historical heritage.