Historical Encyclopedia
Saudi Arabia, one of the most influential countries in the Middle East, has a unique governance system that has undergone a complex evolution. This country is known for its rich oil reserves, a key role in the Islamic world, and strict traditions. The state system of Saudi Arabia is a monarchy based on the Islamic laws of Sharia. The development of this system is closely linked to historical, religious, and geopolitical factors that have shaped the modern visage of the kingdom.
The history of the state system in Saudi Arabia begins long before the formation of the modern kingdom. The region where the country now stands was inhabited by various tribes that formed their own social and political structures. Central to these structures were religious and trading centers, such as Mecca and Medina, which played a significant role in shaping the Islamic world.
By the 18th century, a movement for the reform of Islam, led by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, began on the Arabian Peninsula. This movement, known as Wahhabism, became the foundation of the future political and religious system of Saudi Arabia. In alliance with the local leader Muhammad ibn Saud, the first Saudi state was established, which lasted from 1744 to 1818.
Modern Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by Abdulaziz ibn Saud. After several decades of conquests and uniting tribes, he proclaimed himself king of the united kingdom. Abdulaziz established a system of governance based on strict adherence to Islamic laws and a close connection between the monarchy and religious leaders.
At the initial stages, the state system was focused on maintaining order and preserving the power of the royal family. The main sources of income were traditional crafts and trade, but the discovery of oil fields in 1938 changed the economic and political structure of the country.
The second half of the 20th century was marked by rapid economic growth due to the development of oil resources. Saudi Arabia became a key player in the global oil market, providing the kingdom with immense revenues and the opportunity for modernization. These changes also reflected in the state system: the government began to introduce modern elements of governance while maintaining the traditional monarchical structure.
In the 1970s, the first five-year development plans were developed, aimed at diversifying the economy, improving infrastructure, and raising the standard of living of the population. However, power remained concentrated in the hands of the royal family, and important decisions were made by the king and the council of senior family members.
Since the beginning of the 21st century, Saudi Arabia has begun significant reforms aimed at modernizing society and adapting to changing global conditions. These reforms were initiated by King Abdullah and continued under the leadership of his successors.
Particularly important was the launch of the "Vision 2030" program, presented by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. The program aims to reduce dependence on oil, develop alternative sectors of the economy, improve the rights of women and youth, and reform the public administration system.
Islam remains a central element of the state system of Saudi Arabia. The country’s constitution is effectively based on the Quran, and Sharia is the primary source of legislation. Religious leaders, known as ulama, play an important role in political and social life, serving as advisors to the king and ensuring compliance with Islamic norms.
However, in recent years, there have been changes aimed at reducing the influence of religious institutions. This is associated with the need to adapt to modern conditions and the desire for more balanced social development.
Saudi Arabia faces a number of challenges, including economic diversification, regional conflicts, and pressure from the international community on human rights issues. The implementation of the "Vision 2030" program is a key tool for addressing these challenges and achieving sustainable development.
The state system of the country continues to evolve, balancing the preservation of traditions with the necessity of modernization. The monarchy remains a central element of governance; however, the importance of institutions that ensure more transparent and effective management is growing.
The evolution of the state system of Saudi Arabia reflects a complex intertwining of traditions, religion, and modernization. Over the past decades, the country has come a long way, striving to preserve its unique identity while adapting to the challenges of the modern world. Ongoing reforms and development plans open new perspectives for the kingdom, strengthening its role as a regional and global leader.