Historical Encyclopedia
The Goryeo Dynasty, which ruled Korea from 918 to 1392, played a key role in the history of the Korean Peninsula. It united the country, brought about a cultural flowering, and fought off numerous threats, both internal and external. The medieval period of Korea was a time of significant change, marked by wars, economic rise, and cultural development. The name "Korea" originated from the Goryeo Dynasty, and its achievements had a profound impact on the further development of Korean civilization.
The Goryeo Dynasty was founded in 918 by military leader Wang Geon, who overthrew the ruling Silla dynasty and united various Korean principalities. Wang Geon aimed to create a strong and unified Korean state where justice and prosperity would prevail.
He proclaimed the new city of Songak, known today as Kaesong, as the capital. Wang Geon also introduced a new governance system, emphasizing central authority and combating internal strife. His efforts to unify the state and establish order laid the foundations for stable rule, allowing Goryeo to thrive for centuries.
The Goryeo Dynasty implemented a policy of harmonious coexistence between Confucianism and Buddhism, the two main religious and philosophical schools. Buddhism was the official religion of Goryeo, which was reflected in the construction of many temples, monasteries, and Buddhist shrines. Buddhist monks had a significant influence on the cultural life of society and often played important roles in politics.
At the same time, Confucian values served as the foundation for the educational system and governance. Education and moral principles rooted in Confucianism were highly valued in Goryeo society, and many officials and intellectuals adhered to these principles. This mutual influence led to the formation of a unique cultural heritage that combined Buddhist and Confucian traditions.
The Goryeo era was a time of flourishing Korean culture. One of the main achievements of the period was the development of movable metal type for printing, which preceded the invention of the printing press in Europe. These letters were used to print Buddhist texts, contributing to the widespread dissemination of Buddhism in Korea.
Goryeo was also renowned for its ceramics, especially the green ceramic products known as celadons. These ceramics were highly valued for their refined design and high quality. Goryeo pottery became one of the most famous export goods of the time and was in demand far beyond Korea's borders.
Literature, painting, and poetry also flourished during the Goryeo period. The rulers of Goryeo encouraged the creation of artworks and literary works, fostering a rich cultural heritage.
During the rule of Goryeo, the Korean Peninsula faced numerous threats. One of the biggest dangers was the invasions by the Khitans and Mongols, who sought to conquer the peninsula. In 1231, Goryeo fell under the control of the Mongol Empire, and for nearly 30 years, Koreans were forced to pay tribute to the Mongolian khans.
These invasions had a serious impact on the economy and society of Goryeo. The country was drained by military expenses and destruction of infrastructure. Nevertheless, even under Mongolian control, Goryeo managed to preserve its unique culture and traditions.
During the rule of the Goryeo Dynasty, significant administrative reforms were implemented to strengthen central authority and combat feudalism. To improve control over local territories, a "Testing Institute" was established—a system of exams for selecting candidates for government positions, which facilitated the promotion of educated and deserving individuals to important posts.
In addition, a new administration was created—the Department for the Management of State Finances, which oversaw tax collection and allocation of funds. This helped to strengthen the country's economy and improve financial stability.
Despite cultural and political achievements, by the end of the 14th century, the Goryeo Dynasty began to face serious difficulties. The main reasons for the decline were:
In 1392, military leader Yi Seong-gye overthrew the last ruler of Goryeo and founded a new dynasty, Joseon, marking the end of the Goryeo era and the beginning of a new chapter in Korean history.
Despite its fall, the Goryeo Dynasty left a significant legacy that continues to influence Korean culture and identity. The main aspects of Goryeo's legacy include:
The Goryeo era is rightly considered a significant milestone in Korean history. It contributed to the strengthening of Korean identity and cultural heritage, which is preserved and cherished by Koreans to this day.