Historical Encyclopedia
Angola, located in southwestern Africa, has a rich and complex history spanning thousands of years. The earliest evidence of human activity in the territory of Angola dates back to prehistoric times when it was inhabited by hunter-gatherers. Over different eras, numerous tribes and kingdoms formed in this region, among which Ndongo and Matamba stand out.
In the territory of Angola, advanced societies existed that engaged in agriculture, livestock farming, and trade. These tribes had their own traditions, beliefs, and governance systems. In the 16th century, when the Portuguese began to explore the coast, Angola became an important point for the slave trade. The Portuguese established control over the regions and began to colonize the country.
In 1575, the Portuguese founded the capital Luanda, which became the center of colonial administration. Portugal actively exploited the country's resources, including diamond mining and agriculture. Local peoples faced brutal oppression, leading to persistent uprisings. Portuguese colonial policy resulted in the destruction of traditional societies and the imposition of Christianity.
In the mid-20th century, mass protests against colonial rule began in Angola. In 1961, the war for independence commenced, lasting until 1975. Several political movements participated in the conflict, such as the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), and others. As a result of international pressure and internal conflicts, Portugal announced its intention to withdraw troops from Angola.
On November 11, 1975, Angola gained independence, but this did not lead to stability. Immediately after declaring independence, a civil war broke out between the MPLA and UNITA, supported by various international forces. The conflict continued until 2002, claiming thousands of lives and devastating the country's economy.
After the end of the civil war, Angola began the process of recovery. The country emerged among the rapidly developing economies due to its rich natural resources, including oil and diamonds. However, inequality and corruption remain serious issues that hinder full recovery.
Today, Angola is a multinational country with a rich cultural heritage. The government continues to work on economic reforms and improving living conditions for the population. Despite the achievements, many citizens still face poverty and a lack of services such as education and healthcare.
The history of Angola is full of complexities and contradictions. From pre-colonial societies to independence and civil war, each stage has left its mark on the country's fate. Today, Angola stands on the threshold of a new era, striving to utilize its resources to create a better future for its people.