Historical Encyclopedia
Martin Luther (1483–1546) was a German monk, theologian, and reformer whose work had a profound impact on Christianity and European history. He became a central figure of the Reformation, a movement that challenged the Catholic Church and called for reforms within Christianity.
Luther was born on November 10, 1483, in Eisleben, Germany. His father, a mining master, wanted his son to become a lawyer and sent him to study at university. Luther earned a bachelor's degree and then a master's degree in the liberal arts from the University of Erfurt.
In 1505, after experiencing a severe spiritual crisis, he joined the Order of Augustine. Luther was deeply shaken by issues of sin and salvation, prompting him to study Scripture and theology.
On October 31, 1517, Luther published his famous 95 Theses, which were directed against the sale of indulgences—a practice that allowed people to buy forgiveness for sins. The theses were presented in the form of a letter to the archbishop but soon spread throughout Europe thanks to the printing press.
The main ideas of the theses included:
Luther soon faced fierce opposition from the Catholic Church. In 1521, he was summoned to the Diet of Worms, where he was asked to recant his views. Luther, refusing, famously declared, "Here I stand, I can do no other."
After this, he was declared an outlaw but found protection with Frederick III, Elector of Saxony, who hid him in Wartburg Castle.
Luther continued his work by translating the Bible into German, making Scripture accessible to a wider audience. He also wrote numerous treatises and hymns that strengthened the Reformation movement.
His ideas gave rise to various Protestant denominations, such as Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism. Luther is considered one of the founders of Protestantism, and his influence is still felt today.
Martin Luther remains a significant figure in the history of Christianity and European culture. His courage and dedication to his beliefs changed the landscape of religion and society. The Reformation initiated by Luther paved the way for new forms of worship and understanding of faith, significantly impacting subsequent generations.