Historical Encyclopedia
The history of Russia begins with the formation of the early Russian state in the 9th century. During this period, Slavic tribes united, and in 862, Prince Rurik became the founder of the Rurik dynasty, which ruled Rus for over 700 years.
Kievan Rus, founded by Rurik, reached its zenith in the 10th-11th centuries. During this time, the Christianization of Rus took place, initiated by Prince Vladimir in 988, which led to the strengthening of ties with the Byzantine Empire.
In the early 13th century, Rus faced a threat from the Mongols. In 1240, Kiev was conquered, and the lands of Rus came under the control of the Golden Horde. This period was characterized by political fragmentation and decline; however, new principalities began to form in the north and east.
By the 14th-15th centuries, the Russian lands began to unite under the authority of the Moscow principality. Prince Ivan III (Ivan the Great) ended the Tatar yoke in 1480, becoming the founder of a new strong state. During this period, the foundations of central authority were formed, and Moscow became the main political and cultural center of Rus.
The 17th-18th centuries were marked by the reforms of Peter I, who became the first emperor of Russia. He carried out extensive changes in the army, government, and culture. Peter founded Saint Petersburg, which became the new capital and symbol of Russia's European orientation.
From the 18th to the early 20th century, Russia became one of the largest empires in the world. Under the rule of Catherine II (Catherine the Great), the country expanded its borders, conquering new territories and strengthening its influence in Europe.
However, in the 19th century, Russia faced internal contradictions. The 1861 reform freed the peasants but did not solve social problems. Growing discontent led to revolutionary sentiments.
The February and October revolutions of 1917 led to the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of Bolshevik power led by Vladimir Lenin. This marked the beginning of a new era – the era of the Soviet Union. The Civil War (1917-1922) left deep wounds in society and the economy.
In 1922, the Soviet Union was founded, quickly becoming one of the leading world powers. Stalin's repressions and collectivization in the 1930s led to significant losses but also to the industrialization of the country.
World War II (1941-1945) became a trial for Russia. After the victory, the Soviet Union became one of the two superpowers and began the era of the Cold War.
In 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed, and Russia became an independent state. This period was marked by economic difficulties and political instability. In the early 2000s, under the leadership of Vladimir Putin, the economy began to recover, and Russia's positions on the international stage were strengthened.
Today, Russia faces new challenges and threats. Conflicts with the West, internal politics, and social development issues remain relevant. However, Russia continues to maintain its place as an important player on the world stage.
The history of Russia is a story of struggle, transformation, and achievements. It is rich in events that have shaped not only Russian identity but also the country's influence on a global level.