Historical Encyclopedia
The 20th century was a time of significant change and upheaval for Afghanistan, encompassing events from colonization to independence and civil war. This period was filled with political, social, and cultural changes that profoundly affected the lives of the Afghan people and shaped the future of the country.
In the early 20th century, Afghanistan remained under the influence of major powers such as Great Britain and Russia. The end of the 19th century was marked by the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–1880), after which British intervention in Afghan affairs was established. Afghanistan became a buffer zone between British India and the Russian Empire, which had a strong influence on the country’s internal affairs.
In 1919, after the end of World War I, Afghanistan, under King Amanullah Khan, declared its independence from Great Britain. This led to the Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919), during which Afghan forces successfully seized strategic positions and managed to secure recognition of their independence.
After gaining independence, Amanullah Khan initiated extensive reforms aimed at modernizing the country. He sought to create a modern state, drawing inspiration from European models. Education reforms, healthcare systems, and governance became primary priorities.
The king actively promoted women's rights, which faced strong resistance from traditional and religious circles. Attempts to reform society led to political instability. In 1929, the king was overthrown in a coup, and Afghanistan faced new political challenges.
In the 1930s, the country experienced a period of instability. The periods of rule changed, leading to an increase in tribal influence and conflicts. Meanwhile, external powers continued to exert significant influence on Afghanistan’s political life.
In 1933, King Zahir Shah ascended to the throne, ruling until 1973. His reign was a time of relative peace and economic development. However, old issues persisted in political life, and society remained divided between traditional values and the aspirations for modern reforms.
In 1973, a military coup occurred, and Zahir Shah was overthrown by his cousin Daoud Khan. He proclaimed a republic and attempted to implement a series of economic and social reforms. However, his rule faced strong opposition, and soon the country descended into chaos.
In 1978, a communist revolution took place in Afghanistan, and the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan came to power. The new government began to implement radical reforms aimed at changing the social structure and introducing communist ideals. This provoked resistance from various tribes and religious groups.
In 1979, in response to growing discontent and rebellion against the communist regime, the Soviet Union sent its troops into Afghanistan to support the new government. This intervention marked the beginning of a decade-long war, which became one of the most tragic periods in the country’s history.
The Afghan resistance, known as the Mujahideen, received support from Western countries, including the United States, which saw in this conflict an opportunity to counter Soviet influence. The Mujahideen, united in various groups, waged guerrilla warfare against Soviet troops, leading to massive human casualties and destruction.
After the withdrawal of Soviet troops in 1989, the situation in the country remained unstable. The civil war continued, and different factions fought for power. In 1992, the communist government was overthrown, and a power struggle began among the Mujahideen.
In 1996, the Taliban group came to power, establishing a strict Islamic regime and significantly restricting women's rights. This new rule led to a deterioration of the humanitarian situation and Afghanistan's international isolation.
In 2001, the events of September 11 changed the political landscape. The U.S. and its allies invaded Afghanistan, bringing an end to the Taliban's rule. Subsequently, a new Afghan administration was restored, and efforts began to rebuild the country.
The 20th century was an era of significant changes for Afghanistan. From gaining independence and striving for modernization to conflicts, external intervention, and civil war, the history of this period is filled with tragedies and hopes. Despite numerous challenges, the Afghan people continue to strive for peace and stability in their state, building a future based on the lessons of the past.