Historical Encyclopedia
The state system of Azerbaijan has undergone a long and complex path of evolution, from ancient times to modern realities. This journey from tribal unions to a modern sovereign state reflects the changes in the political, economic, and social structures of society. In this article, we will explore the key stages of the development of the state system of Azerbaijan and their impact on the contemporary political life of the country.
Various states and tribal unions existed on the territory of present-day Azerbaijan since ancient times. Some of the most notable include Media, Parthia, and the Sasanian state. Each of these formations had its own governance system and influenced the development of the region. With the arrival of Islam in the 7th century, various emirates and sultanates formed in the territory of Azerbaijan, which became important centers of culture and science.
In the 11th-12th centuries, the State of Shirvanshahs emerged here, becoming one of the significant political entities of its time. The Shirvanshahs governed the country, creating tax systems and judicial governance, which contributed to the development of trade and culture.
In the early 20th century, after the collapse of the Russian Empire, Azerbaijan declared independence in 1918, becoming the first democratic republic in the Muslim world. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR) implemented a series of reforms aimed at strengthening state governance, democratizing society, and developing human rights. During this time, the first constitution was adopted, which guaranteed the rights and freedoms of citizens, including women's rights.
However, the existence of the ADR was short-lived. In 1920, the country was occupied by Soviet Russia, and a new stage in its history began — the period of Soviet power. Azerbaijan became one of the republics of the USSR, which significantly changed its political system and economic structure.
During the Soviet period, the state system of Azerbaijan was integrated into the all-union structure, and the republic was governed according to Leninist principles. Power was concentrated in the hands of the Communist Party, and major decisions were made at the central level in Moscow. Azerbaijan became one of the key centers of the oil industry of the USSR, which contributed to economic development but also led to dependency on the center.
The Soviet governance system was rigid and centralized, limiting citizens' participation in political processes. However, in the late 1980s, with the onset of perestroika and glasnost, changes began. National movements striving for independence and sovereignty began to emerge actively in Azerbaijan.
In 1991, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Azerbaijan once again declared independence. From this moment, a new era in the history of the country began. However, the early years of independence were challenging: the country faced internal conflicts, including the war in Nagorno-Karabakh. The political situation was unstable, and in 1993, Heydar Aliyev, who returned to the country after a long exile, was elected president. His rule was marked by the strengthening of central authority and the stabilization of the political system.
Heydar Aliyev began implementing economic reforms and attracting foreign investment, especially in the oil sector. This facilitated economic growth and improved the living standards of the population. In 1995, a new constitution was adopted, which strengthened the democratic foundations of the state and the rights of citizens.
Today, Azerbaijan is a presidential republic, in which the president holds significant powers. The political system is characterized by centralized governance, and presidential authority plays a key role in decision-making. Significant changes were made to the governance system after the 2003 elections, when Ilham Aliyev became president. His rule was also marked by an emphasis on economic development and strengthening the country’s position on the international stage.
The modern state system of Azerbaijan includes a one-party system, where the ruling party — New Azerbaijan — plays the main role. Although elections are held in the country, they are often criticized by international observers for lack of transparency and freedom. Human rights and freedom of speech also remain problematic issues that are actively discussed by both local and international human rights organizations.
Azerbaijan faces a number of challenges, including the need for political reform and improving human rights practices. While economic development continues to be a priority, the country needs to create a more open and democratic society to meet the demands of the younger generation. The development of civil society, support for independent media, and political pluralism could be key steps toward stability and prosperity.
Thus, the evolution of the state system of Azerbaijan demonstrates a complex path from tribal unions and despotic regimes to contemporary democratic attempts. It is important for the country to continue moving forward, relying on its historical experience, and strive to create a just and prosperous society for all its citizens.