Historical Encyclopedia
The period of Azerbaijan's presence in the Russian Empire spans over a century and was crucial for the formation of the modern Azerbaijani state and its identity. This time was filled with both political and social changes that significantly influenced the development of the country and its population.
At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, the territory of modern Azerbaijan was under the influence of various states, including the Persian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. During this time, frequent wars broke out for control over the Caucasus. Russia, seeking to expand its borders and strengthen its influence in the region, actively intervened in the affairs of the Caucasus.
As a result of several wars, particularly the Russo-Persian Wars of 1804-1813 and 1826-1828, Russia was able to gain control over parts of Azerbaijan's territory. In 1813, the Treaty of Gulistan was signed, which secured for Russia lands on the northern shore of the Caspian Sea, including Baku and other key cities. This treaty marked the beginning of a long period of Russian dominion in the region.
The incorporation of Azerbaijan into the Russian Empire was a catalyst for significant social and economic changes. Russia began to implement reforms aimed at modernizing the region. Infrastructure developed: roads and railways were built, and the communication system improved. These changes contributed to economic growth and improved trade.
With the beginning of the 19th century, the oil industry began to actively develop in Azerbaijan. Baku became one of the centers of oil production in the world, attracting numerous investors, including foreign ones. The economic boom associated with the oil industry led to urban population growth, and Baku quickly transformed into a major industrial and cultural center.
By the end of the 19th century, against the backdrop of social changes and economic growth, active formation of Azerbaijani national consciousness began. The intelligentsia, inspired by ideas of national revival, started to develop culture and language. Literary and cultural organizations emerged, promoting the spread of the Azerbaijani language and literature.
Important figures in this process included Nizami, Fizuli, and other classics whose works became symbols of national identity. One significant achievement was the creation of the first Azerbaijani newspaper "Yeni Russia," which began publication in 1906. This was an important step in the development of the press and education in Azerbaijan.
From the beginning of the 20th century, political movements aimed at achieving autonomy and independence began to activate in Azerbaijan. In 1905, mass protests occurred in Baku, indicating a rise in discontent among the populace. Azerbaijanis began to demand more autonomy and rights for their people within the framework of the Russian Empire.
World War I had a significant impact on the political situation in the region. In wartime conditions, many armies and the population became involved in the conflict, exacerbating social and economic problems. In 1917, after the February and October Revolutions, a process of disintegration began in Russia, opening new opportunities for national movements.
In 1918, amidst the chaos and collapse of the Russian Empire, the independence of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was proclaimed. This event marked the culmination of the struggle for national consciousness and autonomy. However, the independence was short-lived, as in 1920 the territory of Azerbaijan was occupied by the Soviet Army, ending a brief period of autonomy.
The influence of the Russian Empire on the development of Azerbaijan continued to be felt even after the establishment of the Soviet Union. Throughout the 20th century, the country continued to face various challenges and changes related to the transition to socialism and further integration into the Soviet system.
The legacy of Azerbaijan's time within the Russian Empire continues to influence its modern development. Russian rule brought numerous changes to the social, cultural, and economic life of the country. Azerbaijan became more integrated into the international economy, with the development of the oil sector laying the foundation for modern prosperity.
On the other hand, this period was also associated with the suppression of national movements and cultural features. Such conflicts remain relevant today, as the country seeks to preserve its identity in the context of globalization.
Azerbaijan's time in the Russian Empire is a complex and multi-layered period that significantly influenced the formation of the modern Azerbaijani state. The political, economic, and cultural changes that occurred during this time continue to be relevant for understanding the historical context and identity of the country. This period is an important stage in Azerbaijan's history and serves as a basis for further research and discussion.