Historical Encyclopedia
Azerbaijan, located at the crossroads of East and West, has a rich and multilayered history that spans millennia. This land, famous for its natural resources and cultural heritage, has witnessed numerous historical events and civilizations.
The history of Azerbaijan begins in ancient times when various tribes existed on its territory. Archaeological findings, such as the petroglyphs in Gobustan, indicate the presence of humans in this region over 30,000 years ago. In the 3rd-1st centuries BC, the territory was part of states such as Media and Parthia, and later became influenced by Armenian and Greek cultures.
In the 7th-10th centuries, culture and art flourished in modern Azerbaijan. States such as the Derbend Khanate and Shirvanshahs emerged here. Islam became the dominant religion after the Arab conquest in the 7th century, which significantly influenced the culture and social life.
In the 11th-12th centuries, the territory of Azerbaijan became part of the Seljuk Empire and later the Khwarazmian state, known for its cultural achievements. During this time, literature, architecture, and science developed, and Baku became an important trading center.
From the 13th century, Azerbaijan fell under the influence of the Mongols and later came under the rule of the Timurids. In the 16th century, the territory was divided into two states: Safavids and Shirvanshahs. The Safavids made Islam the official religion, strengthening cultural ties with Iran.
In the 17th-18th centuries, Azerbaijan became a battleground between the Ottoman and Persian empires. This period is characterized by continuous wars and conflicts that led to changes in the political map of the region.
In the early 19th century, after the Russo-Persian wars, a significant part of Azerbaijan was annexed to the Russian Empire through the Treaties of Gulistan (1813) and Turkmenchay (1828). This period was important for the modernization of the country: industry, transport, and education developed.
However, despite economic growth, the local population faced political pressure and cultural assimilation. During this time, active struggles for national identity and autonomy began.
After the 1917 revolution, Azerbaijan proclaimed independence in 1918, becoming the first democratic republic in the Muslim world. However, this independent state lasted a short time: in 1920, Azerbaijan was captured by the Red Army and became part of the USSR.
During the Soviet period, Azerbaijan experienced significant changes: industry, education, and culture developed. However, this era was also characterized by repression and restrictions on human rights.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Azerbaijan regained its independence. This period became a time of political and economic transformations, but also conflicts, especially with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh. In 2020, the conflict flared up again, leading to military action and changes in borders.
Today, Azerbaijan is actively developing its economy based on oil and gas resources and seeks to strengthen its international positions. The country continues to work on reinforcing its national identity and cultural heritage.
The history of Azerbaijan is a story of struggle, cultural diversity, and revival. Throughout the centuries, this land has gone through many trials and transformations, preserving its uniqueness and identity. Today, Azerbaijan continues its path towards development and prosperity, remaining an important player on the international stage.