Historical Encyclopedia
The 20th century became one of the most significant and turbulent periods in the history of Azerbaijan. It spans from the first brief period of independence at the beginning of the century to the establishment of Soviet power and the subsequent achievement of full independence in 1991. These events had a profound impact on the country's development, its politics, economy, and culture.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Azerbaijan was part of the Russian Empire. However, after the February Revolution of 1917 in Russia, serious changes began in the country. As a result of these changes, the independence of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR) was proclaimed in 1918. This event became an important milestone in the country's history and a symbol of the desire for self-governance and sovereignty.
The ADR lasted only two years, but during that time significant achievements were made in various fields. A constitution was adopted, government bodies were established, and reforms in education and healthcare were carried out. Women gained the right to vote, which was an important step towards equality. However, internal problems such as conflicts between various ethnic groups and economic difficulties complicated the situation.
In 1920, after the establishment of Soviet power in Russia, the Red Army entered Baku, and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic ceased to exist. As a result of this event, the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (Azerbaijan SSR) was formed, which became part of the Soviet Union.
During the years of Soviet power, Azerbaijan underwent significant changes. The country's economy was integrated into the all-union system, and industrialization began, contributing to the development of the oil and gas industry. Baku became an important center of oil production, bringing significant profits and attracting many workers from other republics.
At the same time, Stalin's repressive policies, including mass arrests and deportations, also affected Azerbaijan. Many intellectuals and political figures were eliminated, which negatively impacted the country's cultural and scientific life. Nevertheless, in 1936, the Azerbaijan SSR was transformed into a union republic, which granted it certain rights, although real power remained in the hands of the center.
World War II (1939-1945) had a significant impact on Azerbaijan. A large number of men and women were mobilized in the country to participate in the war, and many of them fought on the front lines. Azerbaijan also became an important supply base for the Red Army, providing oil and other resources.
After the war, Azerbaijan began to recover its economy. The recovery and development program allowed for a significant increase in oil and gas production, as well as the development of other industries. Baku became one of the most important centers of industry and culture in the Soviet Union.
However, despite economic growth, political repressions persisted in the country, and issues of national identity became increasingly relevant. In the 1960s, the national movement aimed at protecting the rights of the Azerbaijani people and reviving cultural traditions began to gain momentum.
In the late 1980s, with the onset of perestroika, national movements began to actively manifest in Azerbaijan. In 1988, a conflict erupted between Armenians and Azerbaijanis in Nagorno-Karabakh, leading to a rise in nationalist sentiments. Mass protests against Soviet power and for independence began to occur throughout the country.
On August 30, 1991, the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijan SSR declared independence, which was confirmed by a nationwide referendum. This event became the culmination of a long struggle for independence and the revival of national identity. However, after declaring independence, the country faced economic difficulties, political instability, and armed conflicts.
In 1992, Azerbaijan entered into armed conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh, which resulted in significant losses and a humanitarian disaster. During this time, internal conflicts began in the country, and power repeatedly shifted from one political force to another. These events severely undermined the economy and public order.
In 1993, amidst internal chaos, Heydar Aliyev, one of Azerbaijan's most prominent politicians, returned to power. He was able to stabilize the situation in the country and initiate a new stage of development. Under his leadership, economic reforms were carried out aimed at attracting foreign investments and developing the oil industry.
Azerbaijan became an important player on the international stage, particularly in the oil sector, which allowed the country to enter the global market and strengthen its economic positions. At the same time, the conflict with Armenia continued to remain a relevant issue requiring international intervention and the search for a peaceful solution.
The 20th century was a time of significant change for Azerbaijan, from the first independence to the establishment of Soviet power and the return to sovereignty. This period was filled with trials, conflicts, and changes that had a profound impact on the formation of modern Azerbaijani identity. Understanding these historical processes is crucial for analyzing the contemporary challenges and opportunities faced by Azerbaijan.