Historical Encyclopedia
The mandate period in Jordan, which began after World War I, became an important stage in the country's history, influencing its further development and the formation of national identity. This time was characterized by colonial governance, political changes, and the struggle for independence, which culminated in the establishment of an independent Jordanian state in the mid-20th century.
After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire as a result of World War I, Britain and France divided control over former Ottoman territories in the Middle East. In 1920, the decision was made at the Paris Peace Conference to establish mandates to provide temporary governance and prepare local populations for self-determination.
Jordan was part of the British mandate, which also encompassed Palestine. British rule began in 1921 when the Transjordanian territory was separated from Palestine, and Sheikh Abdullah bin Hussein was appointed the first Emir of Transjordan. This decision allowed for the establishment of autonomous governance in the region, but real power remained in the hands of the British.
During the mandate period, Jordan was governed through a mandatory governance system that limited the autonomy of the local population. The British authorities controlled key aspects of governance, such as foreign policy, security, and economic development. Emir Abdullah, despite his role, often faced restrictions and interference from British officials.
The British government introduced various administrative measures aimed at managing the local population. This included the creation of local councils and self-governing bodies, but real power remained with the British commissioner, who made the major decisions. Additionally, local residents faced high taxes and restrictions on political activity, which caused dissatisfaction and protests.
The economy of Jordan during the mandate was focused on agriculture and small industrial enterprises. The British authorities invested in infrastructure, including roads and irrigation systems, which led to improved living conditions but also created a dependency of the local population on British supplies and technologies.
The social structure of the region also underwent changes. The emergence of new classes, such as traders and local entrepreneurs, led to the rise of new social tensions. Local residents sought greater political and economic independence, causing dissatisfaction on both sides—among colonial authorities and the local populace.
From the early 1930s, national movements began to emerge in Jordan aimed at fighting for independence and against colonial rule. These movements were part of broader Arab nationalist aspirations that spanned the entire Middle East. In response to local discontent, the British authorities began to implement some reforms, but they did not satisfy the demands of the nationalists.
In 1939, several political parties were founded in Jordan, such as the "People's Party" and the "Arab Nationalism Party," which advocated for independence and the rights of the local population. These parties organized rallies and protests, demanding an end to colonial rule and greater representation for the locals.
World War II led to changes in the geopolitical situation in the Middle East. The British Empire faced economic difficulties, and after the war, it became evident that the colonial system could no longer function as before. As a result of the war, the strengthening of nationalist movements in Jordan and other Arab countries became inevitable.
In the post-war years, local nationalists intensified their demands for independence. In 1946, following the end of the mandate, Jordan was officially declared an independent state. Emir Abdullah became the first king of the new country, and his reign symbolized a new era in Jordan's history.
On February 14, 1946, Jordan officially proclaimed its independence. This event was met with joy and enthusiasm from the local population, which had suffered for many years under colonial rule. King Abdullah promised that the new constitution would guarantee citizens' rights and the development of democracy.
However, the path to stable independence was not easy. Jordan faced internal and external challenges, including economic problems, political instability, and conflicts with neighboring Arab countries. Nevertheless, Jordan's independence marked an important step towards national self-awareness and political self-determination.
The mandate period in Jordan and the struggle for independence represent a significant chapter in the country's history. This period was marked by complex political and social changes that shaped national identity and contributed to the establishment of an independent state. Independence achieved in 1946 became a symbol of the Jordanians' aspirations for freedom and self-governance, opening a new chapter in their history.