Historical Encyclopedia
Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, is considered one of the cradles of civilization. This region, inhabited by various peoples such as the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians, made significant contributions to the development of science and technology. The achievements of Mesopotamia in astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and agriculture continue to influence our society to this day.
Astronomy was one of the most advanced sciences in Mesopotamia. The Sumerians, living around 3000 BC, began systematically observing celestial bodies. They divided the year into 12 months based on the lunar cycles and created the first calendars. Babylonian astronomers studied the movement of planets and compiled tables that were used to predict astronomical events such as solar and lunar eclipses.
The Mesopotamians developed a conception of the structure of the cosmos, according to which the Earth was flat and situated under a dome of heaven filled with stars. This understanding influenced further astronomical research in other cultures.
The Mesopotamians made significant advancements in mathematics. They used a base-60 number system, which is still applied in measuring time and angles. Mathematicians in Mesopotamia developed complex calculations such as multiplication, division, and square roots.
Geometric knowledge was used in the construction of temples and ziggurats. Mesopotamian architects applied the principles of geometry to create complex structures that laid the foundations for subsequent architectural achievements.
Medical knowledge in Mesopotamia was based on observations and experience. Babylonian and Assyrian physicians used herbs and plants to treat various diseases. They also practiced surgery and had their medical codes, which described illnesses and their treatments.
Cuneiform tablets existed that recorded medical prescriptions and diseases. These records became the basis for the further development of medical science in other cultures.
Agriculture in Mesopotamia reached high levels due to innovative irrigation and cultivation methods. The Mesopotamians developed channel systems that ensured effective water distribution, allowing them to farm even in arid conditions.
The main crops were barley, wheat, and beans. The development of agriculture contributed to the emergence of cities and the growth of trade, which, in turn, became the foundation for further social and cultural progress.
The Mesopotamians were pioneers in the use of various technologies. They invented the wheel, which significantly improved the transportation of goods. They also developed cuneiform, one of the first writing systems, which allowed them to record information and knowledge, preserving it for future generations.
The Mesopotamians practiced metallurgy, making tools and weapons from copper, bronze, and gold. These advancements helped improve working conditions and enhance agricultural efficiency.
The scientific achievements of the Mesopotamian civilization had a tremendous impact on the development of science and technology in subsequent cultures. Their research in astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and agriculture became the foundation for further discoveries. Mesopotamia left a rich legacy that continues to inspire scholars and researchers around the world.