Historical Encyclopedia
The Soviet period in the history of Turkmenistan spans from 1924, when the Turkmen SSR was established, to 1991, when the country became independent. This phase was marked by extensive political, economic, and social changes that significantly influenced the development of the region, its culture, and society. The Soviet authorities sought to implement new ideologies and management approaches, leading to substantial changes in the lives of the local population.
The Turkmen SSR was formed as a result of administrative reforms carried out by the Soviet authorities. In 1924, as part of national-territorial division, an independent republic was created, allowing the local population to develop its culture and language within the Soviet system. The new status of the republic allowed Turkmens to participate in managing their country; however, real power often remained in the hands of party officials from the center.
Education became one of the main priorities of the Soviet authorities in Turkmenistan. A mass campaign to eradicate illiteracy was carried out, and schools, technical schools, and universities were opened. Russian became the main language of instruction, but efforts were also made to promote the Turkmen language. This created conditions for cultural exchange and improvements in the education level of the local population, positively affecting societal development.
The Soviet authorities implemented a planned economy, which significantly altered the economic structure of Turkmenistan. The focus was primarily on agriculture, particularly cotton growing. Cotton became "white gold" and the key export product of the republic. State investments were directed towards developing irrigation and improving farming technologies, contributing to increased production.
However, this also led to ecosystem problems related to the overuse of water resources, especially regarding the irrigation of desert areas. This adversely affected the health of the population and the environment, which remains a relevant issue to this day.
During the Soviet era, many infrastructure projects were implemented aimed at modernizing the region. New roads, railways, and bridges were constructed, significantly improving transport accessibility. An important project was the construction of the Ashgabat Metro, which opened in 1992 but was built during the Soviet period.
Energy production also developed actively: power plants were built, ensuring electricity supply for the population. Industry developed; however, most enterprises were focused on processing agricultural products, making the economy of the republic dependent on agriculture.
Soviet policies also influenced the social structure of Turkmenistan. Changes occurred in the role of women in society. The Soviet leadership proclaimed gender equality and actively implemented programs to enhance women's education and employment. Women began to participate actively in the workforce, contributing to changes in traditional family structures.
However, alongside positive changes, traditional customs and values faced pressure from Soviet ideology. This created social tensions, particularly concerning traditional norms and customs that did not always align with the new ideas about equality and socialism.
The Soviet period was a time of cultural revival for the Turkmen people. On one hand, a policy of Russification was implemented, while on the other, the state supported the development of national culture. Theatres, museums, art galleries, and cultural centers were established. New literary and artistic works emerged, reflecting both traditional and modern themes.
Cultural events, such as national holidays and festivals, continued to exist and adapt to new conditions. This was made possible by the support of the Soviet state, which aimed to create the image of a new socialist nation in which there was room for different cultures and traditions.
Nevertheless, the Soviet period was also a time of political repression. As in other parts of the Soviet Union, campaigns against "enemies of the people" were carried out in Turkmenistan, leading to arrests and deportations. The local population experienced pressure from the authorities, and many traditional leaders were removed from political life.
Criticism of the authorities and dissent from the policies of party officials could have serious consequences. Social movements and independent initiatives were often suppressed, creating an atmosphere of fear and distrust among the population. This policy left a deep mark on the people's memory and played an important role in shaping its identity in the post-Soviet period.
With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Turkmenistan gained independence. However, the legacy of the Soviet period continues to influence the life of the country. Economic dependence on cotton growing, problems with the ecosystem, and the social changes that occurred during this period remain relevant to this day.
Independence provided Turkmenistan with the opportunity to shape its own policies; however, many aspects related to the economy and social structure continue to be a legacy of the Soviet era. Understanding this period is important for realizing the current state of the country and its further development.
Turkmenistan in the Soviet period was a time of significant transformations and complex challenges. This phase of history left a considerable mark on the lives of the people, shaping its modern identity. Studying this period allows for a better understanding of the roots of contemporary Turkmen society and its identity, as well as recognizing the influence that historical events continue to exert on the country's future.