Historical Encyclopedia
Astronomical observations are the practice of studying celestial bodies and phenomena using tools and methods that allow humans to understand the cosmos and its laws. The origins of such observations date back to a distant past, much earlier than we can imagine. Around 2000 BC, humanity was already beginning to recognize the importance of observing the stars and planets, which laid the foundation for the development of astronomy as a science.
Ancient civilizations, such as the Sumerians, Egyptians, and Mayans, were already using the naked eye to study celestial bodies. They began to record the regular cycles of the Moon and planets' movements, which led to the creation of the first astronomical calendar. Such observations also helped to predict natural phenomena, such as eclipses, changes in seasons, and more.
In the early stages of astronomical observations, people used simple tools, such as strings and sticks for measuring angles. Over time, more complex devices emerged. For example, great brachistochrones were used to determine cable lengths and the heights of stars, while axioms allowed for determining their positions in the sky.
Ancient astronomers proposed hypotheses about the structure of the Universe based on their observations. They concluded that the Earth was the center of the Universe around which celestial bodies rotate. Although these ideas were incorrect, they served as a foundation for further research.
Many tables and records of celestial phenomena, dates, and the visibility of certain stars were created during this period. For instance, Sumerian priests documented their observations on clay tablets, which allowed for the transfer of accumulated knowledge to future generations.
Astronomical observations played a crucial role in the establishment of ancient civilizations. With their help, people could successfully engage in agriculture, navigate the seas, and build temples oriented towards specific stars. This knowledge became the basis for religious beliefs and cultural traditions.
The records and observations made during this period laid the groundwork for later astronomical research in antiquity. Thanks to the previously accumulated knowledge, great thinkers such as Plato and Aristotle were able to develop their theories about the structure of the Universe.
Astronomical observations, starting around 2000 BC, became a key moment in the development of human understanding of the cosmos. They led to the emergence of the first methods of astronomy, navigation, agricultural planning, and even philosophy. These early steps in astronomy opened doors for future discoveries and research efforts that continue to this day.