Historical Encyclopedia
The first independent state of Latvia was proclaimed on November 18, 1918, marking an important moment in the country's history and leading to the formation of a new national identity. After more than two centuries of foreign rule, Latvia became a sovereign state, setting an example for other countries striving for independence.
At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, Latvia was under the control of the Russian Empire. Against the backdrop of revolutionary changes in Europe, Latvians began to realize their national identity and strive for independence. Political movements, such as the Latvian People's Party and other organizations, became active in the fight for the rights and interests of the Latvian people.
The situation in Russia, especially after the February Revolution of 1917, provided Latvians with an opportunity for active action. The Provisional Government of the Russian Republic granted local national movements more freedom, facilitating the development of Latvian self-government.
On November 18, 1918, the creation of the independent state of Latvia was officially proclaimed. The Declaration of Independence was signed by Latvian politicians such as Jānis Čakste and Augusts Kirhenšteins. This day became a symbol of national unity and the desire for freedom.
Immediately after the proclamation of independence, a provisional government was established. One of the first steps of the new government was to appeal to the international community for recognition of Latvia's independence. Efforts also began to form an army to protect the newly formed state from external threats, such as the Bolsheviks and Germans.
With the onset of civil war in Russia, hostilities also erupted in Latvia. From 1918 to 1920, Latvia faced various threats, including the advance of the Red Army and attempts to restore German influence. The Latvian army, combined with volunteer units, began active operations to defend the country's independence.
A key moment in the struggle for independence was the Battle of Mitava in 1919, where Latvian troops achieved a significant victory over German forces. In 1920, a peace treaty was signed with Soviet Russia, in which Russia recognized Latvia's independence.
After establishing independence, Latvia began building its state infrastructure. Key steps included:
Independence led to significant social changes. Latvian society became more active, and culture and education flourished. New cultural and educational institutions emerged, contributing to the growth of national self-awareness.
However, despite these successes, problems such as economic inequality and a lack of jobs also manifested in society, leading to social tensions.
The economy of Latvia began to develop, especially in agriculture and light industry. Latvia became known as one of the largest exporters of agricultural products in Europe, including grain, milk, and meat. This economic growth led to an improvement in the living standards of the population and the strengthening of the state.
In 1934, authoritarian rule was established under Augusts Kirhenšteins, which resulted in political stability but also limited democratic freedoms. This regime lasted until 1940, when Latvia was occupied by the Soviet Union as part of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.
The first independent state of Latvia left a deep mark on the country's history. Despite subsequent occupation, the achievements of the independence period became the foundation for the revival of Latvian statehood in 1990. The national identity and desire for freedom formed during this period continue to influence Latvian society to this day.
The first independent state of Latvia became a symbol of national unity and the desire for freedom. This historical period is significant not only for Latvia but for all of Europe, as it served as an example of the struggle for independence and the formation of national identity amid complex political and social changes.