Historical Encyclopedia
The history of Latvia begins in ancient times, when Baltic tribes inhabited its territory. Archaeological finds indicate that people settled these lands as early as 5000 BC. Tribes such as the Livs, Curonians, Semigallians, and Latgalians engaged in agriculture, fishing, and crafts.
In the 12th-13th centuries, German knights began to actively penetrate the territory of Latvia, leading to the spread of Christianity. In 1201, Riga was founded, which soon became an important trade center. Conflicts between the local population and the conquerors resulted in the formation of the Livonian Order and the establishment of the Livonian Confederation.
In the 16th century, Latvia became a battleground between Russia, Sweden, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. During the Livonian War (1558-1583), the territory of Latvia was captured by Poland and Lithuania. In 1582, Latvia joined the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, leading to cultural and economic development.
In the early 17th century, Latvia came under Swedish control. The Swedish period (1629-1721) was a time of relative peace and development. Sweden invested in infrastructure and education, contributing to the growth of Latvian self-awareness.
As a result of the Great Northern War (1700-1721), Latvia fell under the control of the Russian Empire. This period was marked by Russification and the suppression of local traditions. However, from the late 19th century, a national movement emerged aimed at restoring Latvian culture and language.
In 1918, after World War I, Latvia declared independence. The country went through a Civil War and a struggle for recognition, but by 1920 Latvia was able to affirm its independence and establish democratic governance.
During World War II, Latvia was first occupied by the Soviet Union, then by Nazi Germany, and again by the Soviet Union in 1944. This time was horrifying for the Latvian people: many were killed, deported, or forced to leave the country.
In the late 1980s, during the perestroika period, a movement for independence began in Latvia. On May 4, 1990, the Supreme Council of the Latvian SSR adopted a declaration on the restoration of Latvia's independence. On August 21, 1991, after an attempted coup in Moscow, Latvia became an independent state once again.
Latvia joined the European Union and NATO in 2004, marking an important step in its integration into the Western world. Today, Latvia is a modern and dynamic state, actively developing in various fields, including the economy, culture, and education.
The history of Latvia is a story of the struggle for independence, cultural self-awareness, and a strive for development. The Latvian people continue to preserve and develop their traditions, proud of their unique culture and history.