Historical Encyclopedia
The 20th century was one of the most significant periods in the history of Syria, bringing both political and social changes to the country. Beginning with the French mandate, which established control over Syria after World War I, and culminating in a diversity of political regimes, civil conflicts, and the quest for independence, this century left a deep mark on Syrian society.
After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1918, Syria came under French control, which received the mandate to govern the territory in 1920. The French mandate lasted until 1946 and led to significant changes in the political structure and social fabric of the country. French authorities attempted to divide Syria into several autonomous provinces to weaken nationalist sentiments. This provoked mass protests and uprisings, such as the Great Syrian Revolt of 1925-1927, during which Syrians sought to rid themselves of colonial rule.
As nationalist sentiments grew in Syria and the Middle East, the French began to realize that their control over the country was becoming increasingly unstable. In 1946, after World War II, when France's attention was diverted to restoring its own economy, Syria finally gained independence. April 17, 1946, is celebrated as Syria's Independence Day, marking the end of colonial rule.
After gaining independence, Syria faced numerous internal issues. The political situation was unstable, with frequent government changes and attempted military coups. The first military intervention occurred in 1949, marking the beginning of a series of coups that would sweep the country in the following years. Social and economic problems, such as poverty and lack of infrastructure, only exacerbated the situation.
In 1948, following the establishment of the State of Israel, the first Arab-Israeli conflict began, in which Syria actively intervened. As a result of the war, Syrian forces were defeated, and the conflict caused deep divisions between Syria and Israel. The following decade saw numerous clashes and conflicts, including the Syrian War of 1967, which resulted in the loss of the Golan Heights. This territorial issue remains relevant to this day.
In 1970, another military coup occurred, bringing General Hafez al-Assad to power in Syria. His rule was characterized by an authoritarian style of governance and the creation of a powerful security apparatus. Assad implemented a series of reforms aimed at modernizing the economy, but political repression and the lack of democracy became defining features of his regime.
Hafez al-Assad sought to strengthen Syria's influence in the region and actively participated in Arab politics. He became one of the leaders of Arab countries and aimed to create a united Arab front against Israel. Assad also supported various Palestinian movements, contributing to tensions with Western nations.
Syria's economy underwent significant changes in the 20th century. Agriculture remained the primary source of income for the majority of the population, but industrialization began in the 1960s, contributing to urban growth and altering the structure of the economy. However, economic reforms did not always yield the expected results, and the standard of living for many Syrians remained low.
Social changes also affected various aspects of life. Education became more accessible, and many Syrians began pursuing higher education. At the same time, the struggle for women's rights and equality remained a pressing issue, despite some successes.
In early 2011, mass protests against the Assad regime began in Syria, inspired by the "Arab Spring." Protesters demanded political reforms, an end to repression, and improved living conditions. The response to the protests was brutal suppression, leading to an escalation of the conflict and the onset of civil war.
The civil war in Syria resulted in a humanitarian catastrophe, with millions of people becoming refugees, and the country's economy collapsed. The intervention of various international forces and groups, such as the Islamic State and Kurdish forces, complicated the situation and made it difficult to find a peaceful resolution to the conflict.
Syria in the 20th century went through numerous trials and transformations. From the French mandate to contemporary conflicts, this period was crucial in shaping Syrian identity and political culture. Despite the hardships and destruction, Syrians continue to strive for peace and stability, hoping for a better future for their country.