Historical Encyclopedia
The history of Spain begins with ancient civilizations such as the Iberians, Celts, and Phoenicians. The first settlements on the territory of modern Spain emerged during the Neolithic era. In the 8th century BC, the Phoenicians established several trading colonies, including the famous city of Tartessos.
From the 5th century BC onwards, Celts began to arrive on the peninsula, followed by Greek colonizers, which facilitated cultural exchange. In the 3rd century BC, the region became the object of interest for Rome, which eventually conquered it and transformed it into one of its provinces — Hispania.
Roman rule in Spain lasted for over 600 years. During this time, roads, cities, and aqueducts were built. In the 1st century AD, Spain became an important part of the Roman Empire, and its economy developed through agriculture and trade.
The result of Roman colonization had a significant influence on the local culture. Christianity began to spread in Spain in the 1st century, which later played an important role in shaping the national identity.
After the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, Spain became a stage for various peoples. The Visigoths established their kingdom, which lasted until the beginning of the Muslim conquest in 711. The Muslims, known as Moors, quickly conquered most of the peninsula.
From the 8th to the 15th century, Spain was under the control of Muslim rulers, leading to significant cultural exchange between Islamic and Christian civilizations. The Reconquista — the process of reclaiming lost lands by Christians — began in 722 and lasted until 1492.
In 1492, the Reconquista ended with the fall of Granada. In the same year, Christopher Columbus discovered the New World, marking the beginning of the era of colonial conquests and the establishment of the Spanish Empire. Spain became one of the most powerful countries in the world, controlling vast colonies in America, Asia, and Africa.
However, by the 17th century, the empire began to experience difficulties, including internal conflicts and economic problems. The country faced uprisings and conflicts, such as the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714), which led to significant territorial losses.
The 19th century became a time of revolutions and reforms. Spain lost most of its colonies in Latin America, undermining its economy. In 1936, a civil war broke out, ending with the victory of the Francoists in 1939.
After Franco's death in 1975, Spain returned to democracy. New constitutional norms were adopted, which contributed to economic development and strengthening democratic institutions.
In the 21st century, Spain continues to face various challenges, such as economic crises and independence issues in Catalonia. Nevertheless, it remains an important part of the European Union and an active participant in international politics.