Historical Encyclopedia
The struggle for Cypriot independence is a complex and multifaceted process that spans several decades and involves both political and social aspects. Since the beginning of British colonial rule in 1878 until gaining independence in 1960, Cypriots, especially Greek Cypriots, actively fought for their rights and self-governance. This article will explore the key stages and events associated with this struggle, as well as the influence of various factors on the process of gaining independence.
Cyprus was under Ottoman rule from 1571 until 1878, when it was transferred to Britain. Initially, the island was under formal Ottoman sovereignty but was effectively governed by the British. This created tensions between various ethnic groups, particularly between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots. The primary reason for the struggle for independence was the desire to unite with Greece, referred to as "Enosi" (union).
In the early 20th century, Cypriots began to realize the necessity for self-governance and national identity. Educational institutions and cultural movements contributed to the formation of national consciousness. One of the most significant factors facilitating this was the spread of Greek culture and language. The emergence of political parties and organizations, such as "Philippini" and the "Cyprus Democratic Union," also played a crucial role in the consolidation of Cypriot society.
In 1931, a rebellion known as the "1931 Uprising" broke out. It was triggered by Greek Cypriots' dissatisfaction with the policies of the British administration and economic hardships. The local population was unhappy with the worsening living conditions and the lack of political rights. The uprising was suppressed with military force, but it demonstrated the determination of Cypriots to fight for their rights. This event marked a significant moment in the history of the struggle for independence, increasing the number of supporters for the idea of unification with Greece.
World War II had a significant impact on Cyprus. During the war, the island became an important base for British troops. However, the war also led to economic difficulties and food shortages, which increased local dissatisfaction. In the post-war period, Greek Cypriots began to organize a national liberation movement.
In 1945, EOKA (National Organization of Cypriot Fighters for Freedom) was established with the goal of liberating the island from British colonial rule and uniting with Greece. EOKA conducted guerrilla warfare against the British authorities, leading to an escalation of violence on the island.
In 1955, EOKA began active combat operations targeting British military and police forces, as well as those associated with the colonial administration. At the same time, violence between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots escalated on the island. The British authorities responded with harsh measures, including arrests and repressions. These actions only exacerbated the situation, leading to further conflicts and increasing tensions.
During the struggle for Cypriot independence, international attention to the situation on the island increased. In 1954, Greece brought the Cyprus issue to the United Nations, allowing the international community to assess the situation. Despite the efforts of the Cypriots, the UN did not take any specific action to resolve the conflict.
However, international pressure on Britain grew. Various countries and international organizations began to express support for the Cypriots and their aspiration for independence. This international attention became an important factor influencing the decisions of the British authorities regarding Cyprus.
In response to increasing pressure and ongoing conflicts, Britain began to consider the possibility of granting independence to Cyprus. In 1960, the London Agreement was signed, which provided for the establishment of an independent state, Cyprus. Under this agreement, Cyprus gained independence, and Britain, Turkey, and Greece became guarantors of the security of the new state.
The new status of Cyprus was established within a constitution that provided for power-sharing between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots. However, despite the signed agreement, tensions between the two ethnic groups did not dissipate and continued to grow.
The struggle for Cypriot independence is a complex and multifaceted process that embodies the people's aspiration for freedom and self-governance. It has been shaped by historical, political, and social factors that have significantly influenced the modern identity of Cypriots. Although Cyprus achieved independence in 1960, the issues that arose from the struggle for independence remain relevant today, and the question of unity and peaceful coexistence of the Cypriot communities still requires resolution.