Historical Encyclopedia
The medieval period in Malta spans from the 5th century BC to the end of the 15th century. This phase of history was marked by significant changes in the political, cultural, and social life of the island. Malta was the subject of conquests, and its strategic location in the Mediterranean attracted the attention of various civilizations.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, Malta came under the control of Byzantium. During this period, the Christian element on the island strengthened, and Christianity became the dominant religion.
The Byzantine period was marked by the construction of churches and monasteries, as well as the spread of Greek culture. The architecture of this time reflected Byzantine styles that were characteristic of the entire empire.
In the 7th century, during the Arab conquests, Malta was captured by the Arabs. This period lasted until the end of the 9th century and had a significant impact on the culture, language, and agriculture of the island.
Arab rule brought many innovations to Malta, including improvements in agriculture and water supply.
The Arabs introduced new agricultural technologies and crops such as rice, sugar, and citrus fruits. These changes led to economic prosperity, and Malta became an important center of trade in the Mediterranean.
Arab culture also left its mark on the language and architecture. Many words in the Maltese language have Arabic origins, which highlights the influence of the Arabs on local culture.
In 1091, Malta was conquered by the Normans, marking the beginning of a new phase in the island's history. Norman rule brought about the Christianization of the island and the strengthening of ties with European states.
In the 13th-14th centuries, Malta became an important base for the Knights of St. John participating in the Crusades. This period was characterized by the construction of castles and fortifications that served as protection against external threats.
Norman rule also contributed to economic development. The island became an important trade route for European goods, fostering economic prosperity.
In 1530, Malta was handed over to the Knights of the Order of St. John, marking one of the key moments in its history.
After the Great Siege of Malta in 1565, the Knights began the construction of a new capital – Valletta. This city became a symbol of knightly power and naval strength.
The Knights left a significant architectural legacy. Valletta became known for its magnificent churches, palaces, and forts. The architectural styles of this time blended elements of Baroque and Mannerism.
Medieval life in Malta was organized according to the feudal system, where knights, landowners, and peasants played important roles.
Peasants worked on the lands of the landowners and were obligated to perform various duties. Life for peasants was hard, but they played an essential role in agriculture.
Knight held significant power and influence on the island. They not only defended Malta but also engaged in governance, trade, and cultural activities.
The Middle Ages were an important stage in Malta's history, defining its culture, economy, and social structure. The influence of the Byzantines, Arabs, Normans, and the Knights of the Order of St. John shaped the unique identity of the island, which has been preserved to this day. Today, Malta is an important cultural and historical center, attracting tourists from around the world who wish to learn about its rich past.