Historical Encyclopedia
The Knights of St. John, also known as the Maltese Order, are one of the most famous chivalric organizations in history. Founded in the late 11th century, they played a key role in the history of the Mediterranean, particularly during the Crusades. Their influence spread across political, cultural, and religious spheres, leaving a significant legacy that persists to this day.
The Knights of St. John were founded in 1099 in Jerusalem as hospitaliers. Initially, their primary task was to care for pilgrims and provide medical assistance. In 1113, Pope Paschal II officially recognized the order, allowing it to receive donations and develop.
Over time, the Knights of St. John began to take on military functions, protecting Christian pilgrims and fighting against Muslim armies. Their role significantly increased after the capture of Jerusalem by Muslims, and they became an important force during the Crusades.
After the fall of Jerusalem in 1291, the order lost its base in the Holy Land and moved its headquarters to Europe. In 1309, the knights captured the island of Rhodes, where they remained for over 200 years, strengthening their power and influence in the Mediterranean.
In 1522, the order faced a siege by the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I. Despite being outnumbered, the knights demonstrated resilience but were ultimately forced to leave the island.
In 1530, the Knights of St. John were granted the island of Malta by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. This event marked a turning point in the order's history, as Malta became the new base for the knights.
After the Great Siege of Malta in 1565, the Knights began constructing a new capital, Valletta. This city became a symbol of the order's strength and military might. The architecture of Valletta, with its forts and churches, continues to impress visitors.
The Knights of St. John not only defended Christianity but also actively participated in cultural life. They were patrons of the arts, science, and architecture, contributing to the prosperity of Malta.
The architecture of Malta, including the Church of St. John, is considered a masterpiece of Baroque. The knights also supported artists, leading to the creation of unique works of art, many of which have survived to this day.
Throughout the centuries, the Knights of St. John played an important role in international politics. They established connections with various states and acted as mediators in conflicts, allowing them to maintain their influence in the region.
The rivalry with the Ottoman Empire remained a key aspect of their politics. Sieges and battles, such as the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, showcased their military prowess and strategic significance.
From the 18th century onwards, the influence of the Knights of St. John began to wane. In 1798, Napoleon Bonaparte captured Malta, which dealt a serious blow to the order. The knights lost their base, and their influence in the region significantly diminished.
After the fall of Malta, many knights emigrated to other countries, including Italy and France. They continued to exist as an order, but without political power.
Today, the Knights of St. John are known as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and continue their humanitarian work. They engage in medical assistance and charity, preserving their traditions and values.
The history of the Knights of St. John still fascinates historians and tourists. Malta, with its historical monuments and museums, remains a center for studying this order.
The Knights of St. John left a profound mark on the history of Europe and the Mediterranean. Their legacy continues to live on, inspiring future generations to uphold the values of humanity, charity, and faith protection. Malta, as the center of their history, remains a symbol of their glorious past and an important cultural heritage.