Historical Encyclopedia
The second half of the 20th century was a period of significant changes for Panama, encompassing important political, economic, and social transformations. This era is remembered for both the struggle for independence from American influence and the internal conflicts that affected the country's development.
After the transfer of control over the Panama Canal to Panama in 1999, the country faced political instability. In 1968, General Omar Torrijos came to power as a result of a military coup, leading a military regime and initiating reforms.
Torrijos sought to establish social justice and improve the living conditions of the population. He initiated agrarian reforms aimed at land redistribution and tried to improve access to education and healthcare. However, his rule was also marked by repression against the opposition and human rights violations.
In 1977, the Carter-Torrijos Treaty was signed, which provided for the transfer of control over the Panama Canal to Panama by December 31, 1999. This treaty was the result of lengthy negotiations between the United States and Panama and became an important step towards strengthening the country's sovereignty.
However, there were strong opponents of this treaty in the U.S., leading to political controversy. Supporters argued that it was a necessary step towards respecting Panama’s rights, while opponents believed it would weaken the U.S.'s strategic position in the region.
After Torrijos's death in 1981, a new era of political instability began. General Manuel Noriega came to power and used repressive methods to suppress opposition and maintain control. Noriega was also involved in drug trafficking and corruption, which led to a deterioration of relations with the U.S.
By the late 1980s, tensions between Noriega and the United States reached a critical point. In 1989, after Noriega was accused of corruption and crimes against humanity, the U.S. launched Operation "Just Cause", which led to the overthrow of his regime and the establishment of a transitional government.
After Noriega’s overthrow and the restoration of civilian rule, Panama entered a transitional period. In the 1990s, the country aimed to rebuild its economy and hold democratic elections. In 1994, elections were held, marking an important step towards restoring political stability.
An important part of the political process was the creation of new parties and the strengthening of civil society. As a result, Panama's political system began to adapt to modern requirements, and citizens became more actively involved in political life.
The second half of the 20th century also marked a time of economic changes for Panama. The country continued to develop infrastructure related to the Panama Canal, which provided significant revenue. The government actively attracted foreign investments, contributing to the growth of various sectors of the economy.
The service sector, including banking and tourism, became the backbone of Panama's economy. The country emerged as an important financial center for Central and South America, thanks to its strategic location and free economic zones.
Social life in Panama also underwent changes. Despite economic growth, many citizens continued to face hardships. Issues such as income inequality, access to education, and healthcare persisted. Social movements began to gain strength, demanding improved living conditions for all citizens.
An important aspect was the growing awareness of human rights and the struggle for their enforcement. Civil organizations actively worked to raise awareness about social issues and draw attention to the need for reforms.
The cultural life of Panama also developed in the second half of the 20th century. The influence of indigenous peoples, Spanish colonial culture, and African traditions created a unique cultural heritage. During this time, arts, literature, and music began to flourish.
Cultural events, such as carnivals and festivals, became an integral part of the country's life, reflecting its diverse cultural heritage. Music, including reggaeton and salsa, also gained popularity, becoming a symbol of Panamanian identity.
The second half of the 20th century was a period of change, complex challenges, and achievements for Panama. The country, having overcome the difficulties associated with political instability and economic challenges, began to build its identity as an independent state. The construction of the Panama Canal and its significance continued to influence the economy, while social and cultural movements shaped a new Panamanian reality.