Historical Encyclopedia
The period when Panama was part of New Granada (from 1821 to 1903) represents an important stage in the history of the country. This time was marked by political, social, and economic changes, as well as the struggle for independence and self-determination.
After gaining independence from Spain in 1821, Panama joined the Greater Colombia, a political union consisting of present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama. However, in 1826, Greater Colombia was transformed into New Granada, and Panama became one of its regions.
This union was driven by the need for economic development and protection from external threats. New Granada sought to create a strong state to ensure stability in the region.
During the existence of New Granada, Panama was governed from the capital, Bogotá, and local governors were often appointed from the central authority. This created a distance between the local population and the center of power, which sometimes led to discontent and protests.
In 1858, Panama gained the status of a separate department within New Granada, allowing local authorities to increase their autonomy slightly. Nevertheless, the central power remained the dominant force, which continued to provoke tension.
The economy of Panama during this time was based on agriculture, manufacturing, and commerce. Coffee, tobacco, and sugar were the main export goods. However, considering Panama's strategic position, many economic interests were centered on its maritime routes.
In 1846, a Buchanan Treaty was signed between the United States and New Granada, granting the U.S. rights to construct a canal through Panama. This treaty had a significant impact on the economy and politics of the region, creating conditions for U.S. intervention in Panama's affairs.
The cultural life of Panama within New Granada was diverse. The local population, Spanish colonizers, and African slaves intermingled, creating a unique panamanian culture. During this time, traditions related to music, dance, and cuisine developed, which later became the foundation for national identity.
Religion and education played important roles. The Catholic Church continued to influence public life, while the emergence of educational institutions helped increase literacy levels and develop the local intelligentsia.
Despite having some autonomy, dissatisfaction among the local population continued to grow. In 1856, a conflict with American expeditions occurred, leading to a deterioration of relations with the central authority. Uprisings against New Granada erupted in 1861 and 1872, but they were suppressed.
The situation was exacerbated by economic hardships and the growing influence of the United States in the region, causing anger among Panamanians and a desire for independence.
By the end of the 19th century, the desire for independence intensified. Panama began to show interest in self-existence. In 1903, taking advantage of internal conflicts in New Granada, Panama declared its independence with the support of the United States, marking a decisive step towards the formation of an independent state.
This event became a key moment in Panama's history and opened new opportunities for its economic and political development.
The period of Panama in the composition of New Granada was a time of significant changes, social conflicts, and struggles for autonomy. It laid the foundation for the formation of panamanian identity and played an important role in the further development of the country. As a result of the aspirations for independence, Panama was able to establish itself as an independent state, which had a lasting impact on its history and culture.