Historical Encyclopedia
The War of Independence in Turkey (1919-1923) was a key event in the history of the country, leading to the establishment of the modern Turkish Republic. This conflict was the result of political, economic, and social changes that occurred after World War I and became a symbol of national awakening and the Turkish people's desire for independence. In this article, we will examine the causes of the war, key events, its outcome, and significance for Turkey.
After the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I in 1918 and the signing of the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920, the territory of the empire was divided among the victorious powers. This caused a strong reaction among the Turkish population, who began to realize the necessity of defending their homeland.
The Treaty of Sèvres provided for:
These conditions caused dissatisfaction and a desire for independence among the Turks.
The War of Independence began with a call to fight against the occupying forces, primarily the Greek army, which invaded the western regions of Anatolia.
An important role in organizing resistance was played by Mustafa Kemal (later known as Atatürk), who became the leader of the national movement. In 1919, he arrived in Samsun, from where he began mobilization for resistance:
The War of Independence consisted of several key battles that determined its outcome:
The first Battle of İnönü (January-February 1921) was an important victory for the Turkish forces, who were able to repel the advance of the Greek army.
The Battle of Kütahya (June 1921) also ended in victory for the Turks, strengthening their position in western Anatolia.
The culmination of the war was the Battle of Dumlupınar (August 1922), where Turkish forces dealt a crushing defeat to the Greek army. This battle was decisive for the final expulsion of the occupying forces.
After successful battles and the liberation of most of the country, the War of Independence ended with the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, which recognized the borders of the new Turkish Republic.
The Treaty of Lausanne established:
On October 29, 1923, the Turkish Republic was proclaimed, and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk became its first president. This event marked the definitive end of the War of Independence and the beginning of a new era in the history of Turkey.
The War of Independence in Turkey is of great importance both for the country itself and for world history:
Modern Turkey continues to commemorate the events of the War of Independence, preserving the memory of those who fought for freedom. August 30, the Victory Day of the Battle of Dumlupınar, has become a national holiday symbolizing independence and the unity of the people.
The War of Independence in Turkey is an important chapter in the country's history that defined its future and national identity. Leaders like Mustafa Kemal Atatürk left an indelible mark on history, shaping the path toward a modern, independent, and secular state.