Historical Encyclopedia
The history of Romania spans over 7000 years. The first human settlements on the territory of the modern state appeared during the Paleolithic era. Archaeological finds indicate the existence of hunters and gatherers living in caves and along rivers. In the late Neolithic, more complex cultures developed in the territory of Romania, such as the Cucuteni culture, known for its pottery and settlements.
In the 1st millennium BC, the territory of modern Romania was inhabited by the Dacians, tribes that engaged in active trade with the Greeks and Romans. In 106 AD, the Roman Emperor Trajan conquered Dacia, establishing a province that lasted until 271 AD. Roman culture had a significant influence on the local population, promoting the development of cities and infrastructure.
After the departure of the Romans, the territory of Romania was subjected to attacks from various tribes, including the Goths, Avars, and Slavs. In the 9th to 12th centuries, the first feudal states were formed: Wallachia and Moldova. In the 13th to 14th centuries, the struggle for independence from foreign domination began, and in 1456, Vlad the Impaler, known as Dracula, became the ruler of Wallachia.
In the late 14th century, Wallachia and Moldova became vassals of the Ottoman Empire. Despite this, they maintained a degree of autonomy. In the 16th to 17th centuries, numerous uprisings against Ottoman rule occurred, the most famous of which was the uprising of Michael the Brave in 1600, when he united Wallachia, Moldova, and Transylvania.
In the 19th century, Romania experienced a period of national revival. In 1859, Wallachia and Moldova united to form Romania. In 1877-1878, the country fought for independence from the Ottoman Empire, which was officially recognized at the Berlin Congress. Romania gained additional territories, including Dobruja.
In World War I, Romania initially remained neutral, but in 1916 it joined the war on the side of the Entente. After the war, the country expanded its borders, incorporating Transylvania, Bessarabia, and Bukovina. In World War II, Romania was initially part of the Axis, but in 1944 it switched to the side of the Allies. As a result of the war, Romania lost some territories, such as Bessarabia.
After World War II, Romania became a socialist republic under the control of the Communist Party. Starting in 1965, Nicolae Ceaușescu established a repressive regime that ended in 1989 with a revolution that led to his overthrow and execution. Romania began the transition to a democratic system and market economy.
In the 21st century, Romania continues to develop as a democratic state. In 2004, the country joined NATO, and in 2007, it became a member of the European Union. Romania actively participates in international affairs, strengthening its economic and cultural ties with other countries. Modern challenges such as corruption and economic difficulties remain relevant, but the country continues to strive for improving the lives of its citizens.