Historical Encyclopedia
Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964) was an outstanding Indian political figure, the first Prime Minister of independent India, and one of the main architects of the Indian state. His life and work had a profound impact on the political and social structure of the country.
Nehru was born on November 14, 1889, in Allahabad to a wealthy lawyer family. His mother, Kamala Nehru, was a homemaker, while his father, Motilal Nehru, was actively involved in politics. At the age of 15, he went to Britain, where he studied at the prestigious Harrow School and later at the University of Cambridge, where he earned a degree in natural sciences.
Nehru returned to India in 1912 and quickly became an active participant in the Indian national movement. He was one of Mahatma Gandhi's closest associates and held key positions in the Indian National Congress. Nehru advocated for a fully independent government and social reforms.
In the 1920s, Nehru actively participated in the movement for non-violent resistance against the British colonial government. He was arrested several times but continued his struggle, using his oratory skills to inspire people. His books and articles, such as "The Discovery of India," became popular among youth and intellectuals.
After India gained independence in 1947, Nehru became the first Prime Minister of the country. His government faced immense challenges: the partition of the country, the migration of millions, and the need to establish new institutions. Nehru worked towards building a secular and democratic state, taking steps towards industrialization and social justice.
Nehru pursued a policy of "planned economy," based on socialist principles. He initiated the establishment of large state enterprises and developed infrastructure. However, his approach was also criticized for insufficient support for the private sector and agriculture.
Nehru also played a significant role in shaping India's foreign policy. He was one of the founders of the Non-Aligned Movement, seeking to create an independent course for countries newly liberated from colonial rule. Nehru supported ideas of peaceful coexistence and cooperation among nations.
Unfortunately, his foreign policy efforts were not always successful. In 1962, India entered into a border conflict with China, which severely undermined Nehru's authority and that of his government. This event forced many to reevaluate his approach to foreign policy and security.
Jawaharlal Nehru was not only a politician but also a person with a vibrant personality. His love for literature, art, and philosophy made him a unique leader. Nehru often wrote about his thoughts and feelings, creating books such as "Glimpses of World History" and "Letters to My Daughter," which became classics of Indian literature.
He also actively supported science and technology, understanding their importance for the country's future. His efforts led to the establishment of the Indian Institute of Technology and other scientific institutions that continue to play a vital role in India's development.
Jawaharlal Nehru left an indelible mark on India's history. His ideas on secularism, democracy, and socialism continue to inspire new generations. Despite some mistakes and failures, his legacy remains crucial for understanding both historical processes and current political realities in India.
Nehru passed away on May 27, 1964, but his influence on Indian politics and society is still felt today. He remains a symbol of the struggle for independence and the reforms that laid the foundation for the modern Indian state.