Historical Encyclopedia
The medieval period in Sri Lanka spans a significant timeframe, beginning from the 6th century and concluding in the 16th century, when the island experienced major political, cultural, and social changes. This era was characterized by complex political structures, cultural flourishing, and external influences that shaped modern Sri Lanka. This article will examine key events, features, and the impact of various factors on the island's development during the medieval period.
Throughout the medieval era, Sri Lanka was divided into several kingdoms that were in constant struggle for power. The most significant among them were the kingdoms of Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, and Jaffna. The Kingdom of Anuradhapura, founded in the 3rd century BCE, became one of the first major political entities on the island. It was renowned for its developed administration, architectural achievements, and the flourishing of Buddhism.
The Kingdom of Polonnaruwa, which succeeded Anuradhapura in the 11th century, became a center of cultural and political development. The reign of King Parakramabahu I (1153-1186) was marked by the construction of numerous temples, reservoirs, and other infrastructure projects. He pursued an active foreign policy, expanding the borders of his state and strengthening international ties.
The Kingdom of Jaffna in the north of the island, established by Tamil rulers, also played an important role in the medieval history of Sri Lanka. It became a center for trade and culture, as well as a place where Buddhist and Hindu traditions blended.
During the medieval period, Buddhism continued to be the dominant religion in Sri Lanka; however, other religious traditions, including Hinduism and Christianity, also developed on the island. Buddhism had a significant influence on art and architecture, as evidenced by the construction of magnificent temples, Buddha statues, and other architectural structures. The Temple of the Tooth Relic in Kandy became one of the most important religious centers.
The culture of that time was characterized by a high degree of development in literature, music, and dance. Various literary works, such as "Saddharma Rathnāvali," described Buddhist teachings and traditions. Dance arts, in particular, became an important part of religious rites and ceremonies, highlighting the role of culture in public life.
Medieval Sri Lanka was an important commercial center located on the route of the Great Silk Road. Trade with countries such as India, Persia, and Arab states flourished. The island exported spices like cinnamon, as well as precious stones and other goods. This contributed not only to economic growth but also to cultural exchange between various civilizations.
The development of irrigation systems, such as complex canals and reservoirs, increased agricultural production. Agriculture, particularly rice cultivation, became the backbone of the island's economy. These agricultural advancements ensured food security and contributed to population growth.
During the medieval period, Sri Lanka was influenced by various external forces. The most notable was the invasion by Chola rulers from South India, which began in the 10th century and continued for several centuries. These invasions led to significant destruction and changes to the political map of the island. The Cholas conquered Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa; however, their influence was unable to suppress Buddhism, which continued to exist and adapt to new conditions.
From the 13th century onwards, Sri Lanka also faced threats from European powers. The Portuguese, followed by the Dutch, began to show interest in the island, which would later alter its political and economic situation. Their interference in Sri Lanka's affairs marked the beginning of a new era, when European powers started competing for control over important trade routes and resources.
The social structure of medieval Sri Lanka was multi-tiered and included various castes. The royal family and aristocracy occupied the highest positions, while peasants, artisans, and merchants made up the bulk of the population. There were several professional groups, each with its own rights and responsibilities. This diversity contributed to the development of the economy and society as a whole.
Family relationships, traditions, and customs played a crucial role in people's lives. Respect for elders and adherence to behavioral norms were fundamental values. Buddhism, as the leading religion, shaped moral standards and ethical norms, which fostered the creation of a harmonious society.
The medieval period was a time of scientific and educational flourishing. Buddhist monasteries became centers of learning, where philosophy, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics were studied. Renowned scholars, such as Suanna Tissak, made significant contributions to these fields. They created extensive libraries and exchanged knowledge with scholars from other countries, promoting the cultural and scientific development of the island.
The medieval period in Sri Lanka was a rich and diverse time that had a significant impact on shaping the island's cultural and political identity. Buddhism, as the primary religion, left a profound mark on art, architecture, and public life. Despite external threats and internal conflicts, Sri Lanka preserved its cultural values and continued to develop as an important regional center of trade and culture. Understanding this period is vital for appreciating the contemporary traditions and values of Sri Lanka, which continue to exist today.